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Industrial Spring Terms

Active Coils – Coils that are free to deflect under load.

Arbor – Also called a “mandrel,” it is the round, hardened shaft about which springs are wound.

Closed Ends – Ends of compression springs in which the pitch of the coil ends is reduced to the degree that the end coils touch.

Close-Wound – Referring to the coiling of a spring so that its adjacent coils are touching.

Coil – A round shape formed by a series of concentric circles.

Deflection (F) – Motion of spring ends or arms under the application or removal of an external load (P).

Free Angle – Angle between the arms of a torsion spring when the spring is not loaded.

Free Length (L) – The overall length of a spring in the unloaded position.

Frequency – The lowest inherent rate of free vibration of a spring itself, typically expressed in cycles per second, with ends restrained.

Helix – The spiral form (open or closed) of compression, extension and torsion springs.

Hooke's Law – Load is proportional to displacement. Most springs obey this law.

Hooks – Open loops or ends of extension springs.

Hysteresis – The loss of mechanical energy during the cyclic loading and unloading of a spring.

Lathe – A machine that rotates stock against which other tooling is brought to bear. Lathes are used to wind springs.

Load (P) – The force applied to a spring that causes a deflection (F).

Loops – Coil-like wire shapes at the ends of extension springs that provide for attachment and force application.

Pitch (p) – Also referred to as "coils per inch," it is the distance from center to center of the wire in adjacent active coils.

Rate (R) – Change in load per unit deflection, generally given in pounds per inch (N/mm).

Shot Peening – A cold-working process in which a metal surface is impacted with a high-velocity stream of metal shot or glass beads. Shot peening is used for cleaning or improving resistance to stress corrosion by producing a compressive stress.

Spring Index – Ratio of mean coil diameter (D) to wire diameter (d).

Stress Relieve – To heat treat springs under low temperatures in order to relieve residual stresses.

Torque (M) – A twisting action in torsion springs which tends to produce rotation, equal to the load multiplied by the distance (or moment arm) from the load to the axis of the spring body.

Torsion – A twisting force that can result in shear stresses and strains.